Apparatus, method and program for spatial position measurement

ABSTRACT

According to one embodiment, a spatial position measurement apparatus, includes: a transmission unit configured to transmit an ultrasonic wave accompanying with a transmission source identifiable from three or more transmission sensors provided on a first object; a detection unit configured to detect the ultrasonic wave received by two or more reception sensors provided on a second object; a distance calculation unit configured to calculate distances between the transmission sensors and the reception sensors based on propagation time of the ultrasonic wave; and a coordinate calculation unit configured to calculate, in a coordinate system where a position of one group out of a group of the transmission sensors and a group of the reception sensors is fixed, positional coordinates of another group based on the distances.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present divisional application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to application Ser. No. 14/312,833, filed on Jun. 24, 2014 and claims the benefit of priority from Japanese Patient application No.2013-135510, filed on Jun. 27, 2013, the entire contents of each of both which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a technology for measuring a relative positional relation between two objects which are present in space.

Description of the Related Art

As a technology for measuring a position of an object which is present in space, a Global Positioning System (GPS) using radio waves and a technology using image analysis are widely known (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2008-298607 and Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2009-217490).

GPS uses radio waves having a velocity of light as an information transmission medium. Accordingly, clock frequencies used in personal computers and/or D-A converters, which are popularized today, are insufficient to perform accurate measurement of a distance between a receiver and a transmitter which are placed in very close range, on the order of a millimeter or less, based on arrival time of the radio waves.

In the position measuring technology using image analysis, a computer performs arithmetic processing of an image taken with a CCD camera and the like. This requires a large-scale optical measurement system, so that a computer has a high arithmetic processing load, resulting in a problem of limited real-time processing.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention has been made in consideration of such circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a spatial position measuring technology which is configured to recognize a relative position of two objects in a very close range in real time and which is implementable at a small scale.

The present invention provides a spatial position measuring technology which is configured to recognize in real time a relative position of two objects in a very close range and which is implementable at a small scale.

There is provided a spatial position measurement apparatus, includes: a transmission unit configured to transmit an ultrasonic wave accompanying with a transmission source identifiable from three or more transmission sensors provided on a first object; a detection unit configured to detect the ultrasonic wave received by two or more reception sensors provided on a second object; a distance calculation unit configured to calculate distances between the transmission sensors and the reception sensors based on propagation time of the ultrasonic wave; and a coordinate calculation unit configured to calculate, in a coordinate system where a position of one group out of a group of the transmission sensors and a group of the reception sensors is fixed, positional coordinates of another group based on the distances.

According to the embodiment of the present invention having the above features provides a spatial position measuring technology which is configured to recognize in real time a relative position of two objects in a very close range and which is implementable at a small scale.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a first embodiment of a spatial position measurement apparatus according to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is an external view illustrating the spatial position measurement apparatus according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 3 is an explanatory view illustrating a principle of spatial position measurement;

FIGS. 4A and 4B are explanatory views illustrating derivation of propagation time of an ultrasonic wave;

FIG. 5 is a graph view illustrating a frequency spectrum of a received ultrasonic wave;

FIG. 6 illustrates arithmetic expressions;

FIG. 7 is a flow chart explaining operation of the spatial position measurement apparatus according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 8 is an external view illustrating a spatial position measurement apparatus according to a second embodiment; and

FIG. 9 is an explanatory view illustrating a linear equation of space.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS First Embodiment

The embodiments of the present invention will be described hereinbelow with reference to the accompanying drawings.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, a spatial position measurement apparatus 10 according to the first embodiment includes a transmission unit 12, a detection unit 13, a distance calculation unit 15, and a coordinate calculation unit 17. The transmission unit 12 is configured to transmit an ultrasonic wave accompanying with a transmission source identifiable from three or more transmission sensors S_(j) (j=1, 2, 3) provided on a first object 21 (FIG. 2). The detection unit 13 is configured to detect the ultrasonic wave received by two or more reception sensors M_(i) (i=1, 2, 3) provided on a second object 22 (FIG. 2). The distance calculation unit 15 is configured to calculate distances r_(i,j) (FIG. 3) between the transmission sensors S_(j) and the reception sensors M_(i) based on propagation times t_(i,j) (FIG. 4) of the ultrasonic wave derived by a derivation unit 14, and stores the distances r_(i,j) in a storage unit 16. The coordinate calculation unit 17 is configured to calculate, in a coordinate system where a position of one group out of a group of the transmission sensors S_(j) (j=1, 2, 3) and a group of the reception sensors M_(i) (i=1, 2, 3) is fixed, positional coordinates of another group based on the distances r_(i,j).

The spatial position measurement apparatus 10 further includes a derivation unit 18 configured to derive an equation of a plane including positional coordinates of the group of the transmission sensors S_(j) (j=1, 2, 3), and the group of the reception sensors M_(i) (i=1, 2, 3), and a relative angle calculation unit 19 configured to calculate a relative angle θ between the first object 21 and the second object 22 based on the plane equation.

The spatial position measurement apparatus 10 further includes an extraction unit 31 configured to extract a specific frequency component of the ultrasonic wave received by the reception sensors M_(i) (i=1, 2, 3). The propagation times t_(i,j) are determined based on reception intensity of a main frequency component of the ultrasonic wave which propagates through a medium (air) present between the first object 21 and the second object 22.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, examples of the first object 21 and the second object 22 include pipes, expansion joints, beams, and plate members fixed to buildings, such as plant facilities, houses, and office buildings. The spatial position measurement apparatus 10 is used to acquire information necessary to recognize a relative positional relation between these two objects 21 and 22 and to align their abutting surfaces.

For example, in scenes of installing pipes and/or beams in plant construction sites and the like, surfaces of the beams and/or the piping flanges are sometimes displaced from assumed positions due to failures in implementation, integrated tolerances, and the like.

In order to correct failures and restore a normal state in installation, it is first required to accurately grasp a failure state in a short period of time. In radiation controlled areas such as nuclear power plants in particular, reduction in exposure dose of an operator is achieved by reducing time taken for correcting displacement (core deviation) of devices and/or for performing alignment of devices.

After installing the transmission sensors S_(j) (j=1, 2, 3) and the reception sensors M_(i) (i=1, 2, 3) of the spatial position measurement apparatus 10 in each of the first object 21 and the second object 22, the operator can move to a low dosage location and remotely perform high-precision real-time measurement.

The transmission unit 12 is made up of an oscillation unit 12 a configured to output an electrical signal that causes the transmission sensors S_(j) to oscillate an ultrasonic wave, and a switch unit 12 b configured to switch and guide the electrical signal to the transmission sensors S_(j). The transmission sensors S_(j) (j=1, 2, 3), which sequentially receive an electrical signal input from the switch unit 12 b, transmit an ultrasonic wave of a peculiar frequency in synchronization with an input timing of the electrical signal. As a consequence, the reception sensors M_(i) can identify the transmission sensors S_(j) as a transmission source of the ultrasonic wave based on a receiving timing.

The ultrasonic wave may be subjected to any one of Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) modulation, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) modulation, and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) modulation, so that information on transmission time of an ultrasonic wave and/or identification information of the transmission sensor S_(j) may be carried in the wave.

In this case, the reception sensors M_(i) (i=1, 2, 3) can identify a transmission sensors S_(j) that is a transmission source of the received ultrasonic wave based on the identification information carried therein. This makes the switch unit 12 b unnecessary.

As illustrated in FIG. 3, an ultrasonic wave transmitted from any one transmission sensor S₁ propagates through a medium (air or liquid) which is present between the first object 21 and the second object 22, and is input into all the reception sensors M_(i) (i=1, 2, 3).

Based on a later-described arithmetic expressions, distances r_(1, 1,) r_(1, 2), and r_(1, 3) between the transmission sensor S₁ and all the reception sensors M_(i) (i=1, 2, 3) are calculated.

Similarly, distances r_(2, 1,) r_(2, 2), r_(2, 3), r_(3, 1), r_(3, 2), and r_(3, 3) (illustration omitted) between the transmission sensors S₂ and S₃ and the reception sensors M_(i) (i=1, 2, 3) are calculated based on the ultrasonic waves transmitted from the transmission sensors S₂ and S₃.

Based on the thus-calculated plurality of distances r_(i,j), a relative positional relation between one group out of a group of the transmission sensors S_(j) and a group of the reception sensors M_(i) and another group is derived.

In the present embodiment, three transmission sensors S_(j) are provided on an identical plane and three reception sensors M_(i) are provided on an identical plane. However, more sensors may be provided on each of the identical planes.

To derive only a directional relation between the first object 21 and the second object 22, at least three transmission sensors S_(j) and at least two reception sensors M_(i) may be provided. In other words, the reception sensors may be configured as M_(i) (i=1, 2).

FIG. 4(A) illustrates a waveform of an ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transmission sensors S_(j), while FIG. 4B illustrates a waveform of the ultrasonic wave received by the reception sensors M_(i) and detected by the detection unit 13.

The propagation time derivation unit 14 (FIG. 1) derives propagation times t_(i,j) of ultrasonic waves from the transmission sensors S_(j) to the reception sensors M_(i), from a peak in waveform of the ultrasonic waves on the transmitting side and a peak in wavefoi in of the ultrasonic waves on the receiving side.

The distance calculation unit 15 inputs the propagation times t_(i,j) of the ultrasonic waves, multiplies the propagation times t_(i,j) by an acoustic velocity (v+αT) expressed by a function of temperature T based on a following expression (1) (where a represents a coefficient), and calculates distances r_(i,j) from the transmission sensors S_(j) to the reception sensors M_(i).

The distance calculation unit 15 calculates the distances r_(i,j) for combinations of all the transmission sensors S_(j) and reception sensors M_(i), and store them in the storage unit 16.

r _(i,j)=(v+αT) t _(i,j)   (1)

When attention is focused on the reception wavefo in of the ultrasonic wave in FIG. 4B, a broad base portion of the waveform is observed as compared with the transmission waveform of the ultrasonic wave in FIG. 4(A).

This is because in addition to a direct propagation path of the ultrasonic wave from the transmission sensor S_(j) to the reception sensor Mi, a propagation path that travels along the surface of the first object 21 or the second object 22 is present and an echo effect is provided by reflected waves.

More specifically, the ultrasonic wave propagates at a higher velocity and tends to attenuate less at the time of passing through a medium in a solid form than at the time of passing through a medium in a gaseous or liquid form. This is the reason why the reception waveform tends to be broader.

As the reception waveform becomes broader, derivation accuracy of the propagation time t_(i,j) of the ultrasonic wave is degraded.

For example, while a propagation velocity of the ultrasonic wave in the air is about 331.45+0.6 T[m/S] (where T[K] represents absolute temperature of air), the propagation velocity is known to be 15 times higher in a metal solid than in the air.

Accordingly, the transmission sensors S_(j) or the reception sensors M_(i) are provided on the first object 21 or the second object 22 through a member (illustration omitted) which suppresses propagation of the ultrasonic wave.

Specific examples of the member to suppress propagation of the ultrasonic wave include rubber.

The ultrasonic wave forms only a dilatational wave (longitudinal wave) within the gas. However, when the ultrasonic wave enters into an elastic body such as metal, a transverse wave is simultaneously formed, and by the time the ultrasonic wave reaches the reception sensors M_(i), a complicated waveform is formed.

As a result, a frequency spectrum of the ultrasonic wave received by the reception sensors M_(i) shows a broad form as illustrated in FIG. 5.

Accordingly, a frequency component extraction unit 31 is provided prior to the propagation time derivation unit 14.

A specific frequency component of the ultrasonic wave detected by the detection unit 13 is extracted, and based on reception intensity of the frequency component, the propagation time t_(i,j) is determined.

The frequency component to be extracted is a main frequency component of the ultrasonic wave which propagates through a medium (air or liquid) present between the first object 21 and the second object 22. The frequency component is extracted by perfoi ming Fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis on the waveform of the ultrasonic wave detected by the detection unit 13.

The coordinate calculation unit 17 is configured to calculate, in a coordinate system where a position of one group out of a group of the transmission sensors S_(j) (j=1, 2, 3) and a group of the reception sensors M_(i) (i=1, 2, 3) is fixed, positional coordinates of another group based on the distances r_(i,j).

When coordinates of the transmission sensors S_(j) are set to (X_(j), Y_(j), Z_(j)) and coordinates of the reception sensors M_(i) are set to (x_(i), y_(i), z_(i)), distances r_(i,j) between both the coordinates are expressed as in a following expression (2):

r _(i,j)=√{(X _(j) −x _(i))²+(Y _(j) −y _(i))²+(Z _(j) −z _(i))²}  (2)

When the coordinates (X_(j), Y_(j), Z_(j)) of the transmission sensors S_(j) are fixed (constants) and the coordinates (x_(i), y_(i), z_(i)) of the reception sensors M_(i) are arithmetic objects (variables) in this equation, these coordinate variables (x_(i), y_(i), z_(i)) are derived, for example, by a sequential computation method (Newton's method) outlined below.

The coordinate variables (x_(i), y_(i), z_(i)) are each expressed as a sum of each initial value (x_(i-0), y_(i-0), z_(i-0)) and each corrected value (Δx_(i), Δy_(i), Δz_(i)) in following expressions (3a), (3b), and (3c):

x _(i) =x _(i-0) +Δx _(i)   (3a)

y _(i) =y _(i-0) +Δy _(i)   (3b)

z _(i) =z _(i-0) +Δz _(i)   (3c)

An approximate expression (linearization expression) in the form of a following expression (4a) is introduced. This expression expresses a difference between the expression (1) and the expression (2), and therefore, the expression (4a) is equal to the expression (4b):

$\begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} {{\Delta \; r_{ij}} = {{\delta \; {r_{ij}/\delta}\; {x_{i} \cdot \Delta}\; x_{i}} + {\delta \; {r_{ij}/\delta}\; {y_{i} \cdot \Delta}\; y_{i}} + {\delta \; {r_{ij}/\delta}\; {z_{i} \cdot \Delta}\; z_{i}}}} \\ {= {r_{ij} - \left. \sqrt{}\left\{ {\left( {X_{j} - x_{i - 0}} \right)^{2} + \left( {Y_{j} - y_{i - 0}} \right)^{2} + \left( {Z_{j} - z_{i - 0}} \right)^{2}} \right\} \right.}} \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} \left( {4a} \right) \\ \left( {4b} \right) \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$

Partial differential terms which appear in the expression (4a) are obtained by partially differentiating the expression (2), by which expressions (5a), (5b), and (5c) illustrated in FIG. 6 are derived.

For the transmission sensors S_(j) (j=1, 2, 3), the expression (4a) is expressed as a determinant (6a) in FIG. 6, which is further expanded in the form of a determinant (6b).

Variables (Δx_(i), Δy_(i), Δz_(i)) obtained by the determinant (6b) of FIG. 6 are substituted in the expressions (3a), (3b), and (3c) to derive coordinate variables (x_(i), y_(i), z_(i)).

The coordinate variables (x_(i), y_(i), z_(i)) derived in this way are replaced with initial values (x_(i-0), y_(i-0), z_(i-0)), and calculation of the expressions (5) and (6) are repeated until variables (Δx_(i), Δy_(i), Δz_(i)) become less than a specified value and convergence occurs (for example, convergence of the variables is determined at the time when the variables reach |Δx_(i)|<1 mm, |Δy_(i)|<1 mm, and |Δz_(i)|, <1 mme, where 1 mm is a specified value).

Although the expressions (3) to (6) are described for the entire group of the reception sensors M_(i) for descriptive purposes, each calculation of the reception sensors M_(i) is independently performed in parallel with each other. In short, in convergence calculation for M₁, M₂, and M₃, the number of repetitions of the calculation as well as the time necessary for the calculation may be different from each other. Therefore, in order to keep precise values in two or three coordinates of the reception sensors M_(i) at the same time, a fixed time constant is needed.

The coordinate variables (x_(i), y_(i), z_(i)) obtained as a result of such repeated calculation is used as an output of the coordinate calculation unit 17 (FIG. 1).

As illustrated in FIG. 9, when space coordinate variables (x₁, y₁, z₁) and (x₂, y₂, z₂) of at least two reception sensors M_(i) (i=1, 2) are calculated, a linear equation of space may be obtained in the form of a straight line: (x, y, z)=(x₁, y₁, z₁)+t(x₂−x₁, y₂−y₁, z₂−z₁) where t represents a parameter, and (x₂−x₁, y₂−y₁, z₂−z₁) represents a linear direction vector.

The plane equation derivation unit 18 derives an equation of a plane which includes the group of the reception sensors M_(i) based on the coordinates (x_(i), y_(i), z_(i)) (i=1, 2, 3) output from the coordinate calculation unit 17. The plane equation derivation unit 18 also derives an equation of a plane which includes the group of the transmission sensors S_(j) based on the coordinates (X_(j), Y_(j), Z_(j)) (j=1, 2, 3).

Here, when the equation of the plane including the group of the transmission sensors S_(j) is set as a following expression (7), coefficients (a, b, c, d) serve as a solution of following simultaneous equations (8a), (8b), and (8c):

aX+bY+cZ+d=0   (7)

aX ₁ +bY ₁ +cZ ₁ +d=0   (8a)

aX ₂ +bY ₂ +cZ ₂ +d=0   (8b)

aX ₃ +bY ₃ +cZ ₃ +d=0   (8c)

Similarly, when the equation of the plane including the group of the reception sensors M_(i) is set as a following expression (9), coefficients (e, f, g, h) serve as a solution of following simultaneous equations (10a), (10b), and (10c):

eX+fY+gZ+h=0   (9)

eX ₁ +fY ₁ +gZ ₁ +h=0   (10a)

eX ₂ +fY ₂ +gZ ₂ +h=0   (10b)

eX ₃ +fY ₃ +gZ ₃ +h=0   (10c)

The relative angle calculation unit 19 calculates a relative angle θ between the first object 21 and the second object 22 based on the plane equations (7) and (9).

Here, a normal vector n₁ of the equation of the plane including the group of the transmission sensors S_(j) is expressed by (a, b, c), and a normal vector n₂ of the equation of the plane including the group of the reception sensors M_(i) is expressed by (e, f, g).

Further, since the relative angle θ between the first object 21 and the second object 22 is expressed as a crossed axes angle between these two normals n₁ and n₂, the relative angle θ is calculated in accordance with expressions (11a) and (11b) in FIG. 6.

A crossed axes angle with a linear equation is also similarly calculated. A normal vector n₁ of the equation of the plane including the group of the transmission sensors S_(j) is expressed by (a, b, c), and a linear direction vector is expressed by (e, f, g)=(x₂−x₁, y₂−y₁, z₂−z₁), which calculates a positional relation between the plane including the group of the transmission sensors S_(j) and the obtained straight line as in the case of the above-stated crossed axes angle.

Based on a flow chart of FIG. 7, operation of the spatial position measurement apparatus according to each embodiment will be described (see FIGS. 1 and 2 as appropriate).

An ultrasonic wave is first transmitted from the first transmission sensor S₁ out of the plurality of transmission sensors S_(j) (j=1 to J) provided on the first object 21 (S11, S12).

The transmitted ultrasonic wave is received by all the reception sensors M_(i) (i=1 to I) provided on the second object 22. Based on each propagation time t_(i,1), each distance r_(i,1) from the transmission sensor S₁ to the reception sensors M_(i) (i=1 to I) is calculated (S13 to S15).

An ultrasonic wave is also transmitted from the second to the J-th transmission sensors S_(j) (j=2 to J) in order, and each distance r_(i,j) to the reception sensors M_(i) (i=1 to I) is calculated (S16).

A position of one group out of a group of the transmission sensor S_(j) (j=1 to J) and a group of the reception sensor M_(i) (i=1 to I) is fixed in a coordinate system, and based on each calculated distance r_(i,j) (i=1 to I, j=1 to J), positional coordinates of another group are calculated (S17).

An equation of a plane including the coordinates of the group of the transmission sensors S_(j) (X_(j), Y_(j), Z_(j)) (j=1 to J) is derived, and an equation of a plane including the coordinates of the group of the reception sensors M_(i) (x_(i), y_(i), z_(i)) (i=1 to I) is derived (S18).

In this case, four or more transmission sensors S_(j) may be attached to a certain plane and four or more reception sensors M_(i) may be attached to another plane. This makes it possible to adopt overdetermination by using a least square method in calculation of the plane equation and to thereby enhance calculation accuracy of the plane equation.

Based on the normal n₁ of the equation of the plane including the group of the transmission sensors S_(j), and the normal n₂ of the equation of the plane including the group of the reception sensors M_(i), a relative angle θ between the first object 21 and the second object 22 is calculated (S19).

By repeating the operation of (S12) to (S19) until measurement is ended, a relative position relation between the first object 21 and the second object 22 in space can be grasped in real time (S20, END).

Second Embodiment

Referring to FIG. 8, a spatial position measurement apparatus according to the second embodiment will be described.

In the spatial position measurement apparatus according to the second embodiment, a group of the transmission sensors S_(j) and a group of the reception sensors M_(i) are each placed on attachments 23, which are detachably attached to the first object 21 and the second object 22, respectively.

Component members in FIG. 8 identical to or having a function identical to those in FIG. 2 are designated with identical reference numerals to omit redundant description.

The attachments 23 facilitate mounting of the group of the transmission sensors S_(j) and the group of the reception sensors M_(i) on the first object 21 and the second object 22.

Hereinafter, examples of other applications of the spatial position measurement apparatuses according to the respective embodiments will be described.

-   (1) To secure reproducibility and real time control of incident     angles of wedding rods for use in metal welding and to enhance     manufacturing reproducibility. -   (2) To grasp position, angle, and direction states of suspensions     provided on a driving unit of automobiles, universal joints, and     movable joint units provided on robots. -   (3) To input position, angle, and direction information in data     input tools for a Computer Aided Design (CAD) system. -   (4) To input position, angle, and direction information in operation     tools (controllers) for three-dimensional information pointers in     computer systems and/or computer game systems. -   (5) To enhance imaging flexibility to implement observation while     arranging a probe at any position, at any angle and in any direction     in an ultrasonic Testing (UT) system. -   (6) To enhance imaging flexibility to implement observation while     arranging CCD cameras and/or CMOS cameras at any position, at any     angle, and in any direction in a Visual Testing (VT) system. -   (7) Eddy Current Testing (ET) system to implement measurement at any     position, at any angle, and in any direction. -   (8) Radiographic Testing (RT) system to implement measurement at any     position, at any angle, and in any direction. -   (9) To enhance reproducibility of positions, angles, and directions     in installation of observation apparatuses, such as optical cameras     (including television cameras), microscopes, telescopes, prisms,     mirrors, top ends of optical fiber cables, radar transmitters, laser     transmitters, radiation counters, photomultiplier tubes, and     spectroscopes (gratings). -   (10) Real time control on positions, angles, and directions     (orientation) in observation apparatuses, such as optical cameras     (including television cameras), microscopes, telescopes, prisms,     mirrors, top ends of optical fiber cables, radar transmitters, laser     transmitters, radiation counters, photomultiplier tubes, and     spectroscopes (gratings). -   (11) To enhance imaging flexibility by taking images while arranging     mechanical trajectories of an irradiation head and/or an intensifier     (such as Geiger-Muller counters and scintillation detectors) in     X-ray (gamma ray and neutron ray) CT systems at any position, at any     angle, and in any direction without limiting the mechanical     trajectories to circular trajectories. -   (12) To enhance imaging flexibility by performing observation while     arranging nuclear magnetic resonators and/or intensifiers (such as     radio receivers) at any position, at any angle, and in any direction     in an MRI system.

According to the spatial position measurement apparatus in at least one of the above-described embodiments, distance measurement with ultrasonic waves makes it possible to recognize a relative position of two objects in very close range in real time and to implement the apparatus at small scale.

It should be noted that, although some embodiments of the present invention have been described above, these embodiments are presented as examples, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These embodiments can be implemented in other various forms, and various abbreviations, exchanges, changes and combinations can be made within a scope not deviating from the essence of the invention. These embodiments and their modifications are included in the scope and the essence of the invention, and are included in the invention described in the claims, and the equal scope thereof.

Also, components of the spatial position measurement apparatus can be implemented by a processor of a computer and operated by a spatial position measurement program. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A spatial position measurement apparatus, comprising: a transmission unit configured to transmit an ultrasonic wave accompanying with a transmission source identifiable from a group of three or more transmission sources planarly provided on a first object, a detection unit configured to detect the ultrasonic wave received by a group of two or more reception sensors linearly provided on a second object, and circuitry configured to calculate distances between each of the transmission sources and the reception sensors based on propagation time of the ultrasonic wave, calculate, in a coordinate system where positional coordinates of one group out of the group of the transmission sources and the group of the reception sensors are fixed, positional coordinates of another group based on the distances, derive an equation of a plane including the positional coordinates of the group of the transmission sources and a linear equation including the positional coordinates of the group of the reception sensors; and a relative angle calculation unit configured to calculate a relative angle between the first object and the second object, the relative angle calculated as a crossed axes angle between a normal vector of the equation of the plane and a linear direction vector of the linear equation.
 2. The spatial position measurement apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an extraction unit configured to extract a specific frequency component of the ultrasonic wave received by the reception sensors, wherein the propagation time is determined based on reception intensity of the main frequency component of the ultrasonic wave which propagates through a medium present between the first object and the second object.
 3. The spatial position measurement apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the transmission sources are provided on the first object through a member configured to suppress propagation of the ultrasonic wave to the first object.
 4. The spatial position measurement apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the group of the transmission sources and the group of the reception sensors are placed on attachments detachably attached to the first object and the second object, respectively.
 5. A method for spatial position measurement, comprising: a step of transmitting an ultrasonic wave accompanying with a transmission source identifiable from a group of three or more transmission sources provided planarly on a first object; a step of detecting the ultrasonic wave received by a group of three or more reception sensors provided planarly on a second object; a step of calculating distances between each of the transmission sources and the reception sensors based on propagation time of the ultrasonic wave, a step of calculating, in a coordinate system where positional coordinates of one group out of the group of the transmission sources and the group of the reception sensors are fixed, positional coordinates of another group; a step of deriving a first equation of a plane including the positional coordinates of the group of the transmission sources and a second equation of a plane including the positional coordinates of the group of the reception sensors; and a step of calculating a relative angle between the first object and the second object, the relative angle calculated as a crossed axes angle between a normal vector of the first equation and a normal vector of the second equation. 